Introduction

References

1. ↵
   1. Addo, N. O.

   1974. “Foreign African Workers in Ghana.” International Labor Review 109: 47–68.

   OpenUrl
2. ↵
   1. Agricultural Development Bank (ADB)

   . 1997. Unpublished statistics obtained in interviews with officers at the ADB Research Department, Accra.
3. ↵
   1. Amissah, Charles

   . 1994. “The Socio-Economic Achievements of Sub-Saharan African Immigrants in the United States.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago.
4. ↵
   1. Anarfi, John K.

   1995. “Historical Overview of Migration within the ECOWAS Sub-region.” In K. A. Twum-Baah, J. S. Nabila and A. F. Aryee, eds. Migration Research Study in Ghana. vol. 2: International Migration. Accra, Project undertaken by Ghana Statistical Service (GHA/88/PO4) with Social Sector Policy Unit, MFEP (GHA/88/P03).
5. ↵
   1. Apraku, K. A.

   1991. African Émigrés in the United States: A Missing Link in Africa’s Social and Economic Development. New York: Praeger.
6. ↵
   1. Atta-Poku, Agyeman

   . 1993. “Ghanaian Ethnic Associations as a Socio-Cultural Survival Strategy in America: The Case of the Asanteman, the Okuapenman Fekuw and the Brong-Ahafo Association in New York City.” Ph.D. dissertation, State University of New York at Albany.
7. ↵
   1. Bank of Ghana

   . 1996. Research Department. Unpublished statistics.
8. ↵
   1. Barry, Brian and
   2. Robert E. Goodin

   , eds. 1992. Free Movement: Ethical Issues in the Transnational Migration of People and of Money. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press.
9. ↵
   1. Brydon, Lynne

   . 1987. “Who Moves? Women and Migration in West Africa in the 1980s.” In J. S. Eades, ed. Migrants, Workers and the Social Order. London and New York: Tavistock Publications.
10. ↵
    1. Caldwell, John C.

    1969. African Rural-Urban Migration: The Movement to Ghana’s Towns. Canberra: Australian National University.
11. ↵
    1. Clark, Gracia

    . 1994. Onions Are My Husband: Survival and Accumulation in a West African Urban Market. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
12. ↵
    1. Darko, Ama

    . 1995. Beyond the Horizon. Oxford: Heinemann Publishers.
13. ↵
    1. Diko, J. and
    2. A. G. Tipple

    . 1992. “Migrants Build at Home: Long Distance Housing Development by Ghanaians in London.” Cities 9 (November): 288–94.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
14. ↵
    1. Eades, Jeremy S

    , ed. 1993. Strangers and Traders: Yoruba Migrants, Markets and the State in Northern Ghana. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press for the International African Institute.
15. ↵
    1. Eades, Jeremy S.

    1987. Migrants, Workers and the Social Order. London and New York: Tavistock Publications.
16. ↵
    1. Ewusi, Kodwo

    . 1977. Rural-Urban and Regional Migration in Ghana. Legon: Institute for Statistical, Social and Economic Research, University of Ghana.
17. ↵
    1. Gagakuma, S.

    1984. “Labor: Ghana’s Other Export.” New African 196: 42.

    OpenUrl
18. ↵
    1. Ghana Statistical Service

    . 1995. Migration Research Study in Ghana. vol. 1, Internal Migration; vol. 2, International Migration. K. A. Twum-Baah, J. S. Nabila and A. F. Aryee, eds. Accra, Project undertaken by Ghana Statistical Service (GHA/88/PO4) with Social Sector Policy Unit, MFEP (GHA/88/P03).
19. ↵
    1. Hart, Keith

    . 1971. “Migration and Tribal Identity among the Frafra of Ghana.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 6 (January): 21–36.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
20. ↵
    1. Hill, Polly

    . 1963. The Migrant Cocoa Farmers of Southern Ghana: A Study in Rural Capitalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
21. ↵
    1. Opoku-Dapaah, Edward

    . 1993. Adaptation of Ghanaian Refugees in Toronto. Toronto: York Lanes Press. Center for Refugee Studies, York University.
22. ↵
    1. Owusu, Thomas Y.

    1996. “The Adaptation of Black African Immigrants in Canada: A Case Study of Residential Behavior and Ethnic Community Formation among Ghanaians in Toronto,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto.
23. ↵
    1. Peil, Margaret

    , 1995. “Ghanaians Abroad.” African Affairs 94 (376): 345–367.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
24. ↵
    1. Sassen, Saskia

    . 1988. The Mobility of Labor and Capital: A Study in International Investment and Finance Flow. New York: Cambridge University Press.
25. ↵
    1. Schildkrout, Enid

    . 1975. “Ethnicity, Joking and Kinship among Urban Immigrants in Ghana.” In Betty duToit and Helen Safa, eds. Migration and Ethnicity. The Hague: Mouton.
26. ↵
    1. Schildkrout, Enid

    . 1978. People of the Zongo: The Transformation of Ethnic Identities in Ghana. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
27. ↵
    1. Sudarkassa, Niara

    . 1979. “From Strangers to Alien: The Socio-political History of the Nigerian Yoruba in Ghana, 1900–1970.” In William Shack and Elliott Skinner, eds. Strangers in African Societies. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press.
28. ↵
    1. Sudarkassa, Niara

    . 1975. “The Economic Status of the Yoruba in Ghana between 1900-1970.” Nigerian Journal of Social Studies 17: 91–125.

    OpenUrl
29. ↵
    1. Van Dijk, Rijk

    . 1997. “From Camp to Encompassment: Discourses of Transsubjectivity in the Ghanaian Pentecostal Diaspora.” The Journal of Religion in Africa 27 (2): 135–159.

    OpenUrl
30. ↵
    1. West Africa

    . 1995. “Rawlings in Washington.” #4041: 421.
31. ↵
    1. World Bank

    . 1993. African Adjustment Study: The Case of Ghana. Washington: The World Bank.