Sacred Groves as Historical and Archaeological Markers in Southern Ghana

References

Oral Sources

All of the following interviews were conducted by myself with the assistance of either Mr. Thomas Montford or Mr. Ernest Quayson in the K. E. E. A. district of the Central Region of Ghana, between 1994 and 1996. Copies of the texts are in my possession.

1. FN/10/94: Opanyin Kwamina Nyiaye, Elder, 1994, at Eguafo. Transcription and translation by Thomas Montford, Elmina.
2. FN/19/94: Ebusuapanyin Kofi Atta dated 05/15/1994, at Nsadwir. Transcription and translation by Ernest Quayson, Elmina.
3. FN/20/94a: Nana Kobena Esuon, Regent, and Ernest Acker, Oman secretary, 1994, at Dutch Komenda. Direct translation into English by Thomas Montford, Elmina.
4. FN/20/94b: Dutch Komenda Council, 1994, at Dutch Komenda. Direct translation into English by Thomas Montford, Elmina.
5. FN/22/94: Kyeame Kojo Nketsia, dated 06/04/1994, at Nsadwir and surrounding forests. Direct translation into English by Thomas Montford, Elmina.
6. FN/23/94: Nana Boampong Wreko, Eguafo Adontenhene, dated 06/12/1994, at Eguafo. Transcription and translation by Ernest Quayson, Elmina.
7. FN/23/94bis: Ebusuapanyin Kofi Atta dated 07/16/1994, at Nsadwir and surrounding forests. Direct translation into English by Thomas Montford, Elmina.
8. FN/24/94: Ebusuapanyin Kofi Atta dated 06/18/1994, at Nsadwir and surrounding forests. Transcription and translation by Ernest Quayson, Elmina.
9. FN/29/94: Nana Kofi Ansah II, Bremanhene, dated 10/09/1994 at Breman (Eguafo). Transcription and translation by Ernest Quayson, Elmina.
10. FN/07/96: Nana Boampong Wreko, Eguafo Adontenhene, dated 06/29/1996, at Eguafo. Transcription and translation by Ernest Quayson, Elmina.
11. FN/08/96: Nana Boampong Wreko, Eguafo Adontenhene, dated 07/02/1996. Transcription and translation by Ernest Quayson, Elmina.
12. CR2/12: Kwame Ackon and Kwesi Awotwe, elders, Dominaze Nsona Family, dated 03/31/1996. Hand-written notes taken during the interview.
13. CR3/2-2v: Steven Andoh Kwofie, Elder, Abrem Agona Royal Anona Family, dated 05/14/1996, at Abrem Agona. Hand-written notes taken during the interview.
14. CR4/12v: Hand-written field notes taken at Nsadwer, dated 30/11/2001.

Archival sources

1. National Archives of Ghana, Accra (NAG)
2. 1894 SCT 5/4/282, Kudjo Gan vs. Kwaku Boampon, 07/17/1894, 5306.
3. 1930 ADM 11/1/1370, “History of the Bantama Brass Pan.”
4. Cape Coast Regional Archives, Cape Coast (CCRA)
5. 1922 ADM 23/1/262, doc. 70, “History of Eguafu and possessions.”
6. Zeeuws Documentatiecentrum, Middelburg, the Netherlands (ZD)
7. 1851 C. J. M. Nagtglas Collectie, HS 1135 C6.

Published books and articles

1. ↵
   2. Addo-Fening, R.

   1998. “The Akyem Abuakwa Asafo, 1700–1918.” Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana (New Series) 2: 7–19.

   OpenUrl
2. ↵
   2. Akrong, A.

   1998. “Integration and Adaptation: A Case Study of La and Osu Asafo Religious Culture.” Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana (New Series) 2: 57–69.

   OpenUrl
3. ↵
   2. Baesjou, R.

   1979. An Asante Embassy on the Gold Coast. The Mission of Akyempon Yaw to Elnina, 1869–1872. Leiden: Africa Studiecentrum.
4. ↵
   2. Baku, K.

   1998. “The Asafo in Two Ewe States.” Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana (New Series) 2: 21–8.

   OpenUrl
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   2. Boateng 1, Barfuo Abayie

   . 1998. “The Asafo and the Use of ‘Ntam’ in Conflicts and Conflict Resolution in Asante.” Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana (New Series) 2: 29–38.

   OpenUrl
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   2. Castro, A. P.

   1995. Facing Kirinyaga. A Social History of Forest Commons in Southern Mount Kenya. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
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   2. Chouin, G.

   1998. Eguafo, un royaume africain au “coeur françois,” 1637–1687 Mutations socio-économiques et politique européenne d’un état de la Côte de l’Or (Ghana) an XVII^e siècle. Paris: Afera éditions.
8. ↵
   2. Chouin, G.

   2001. “Pathways to the Social Shaping of Forest Landscapes: Archaeology, Sacred Groves and the Dynamics of Socio-political Complexity in Coastal Ghana (1000–2000 AD).” University of Sussex, Workshop at the Institute of Development Studies, Changing Perspectives on Forests: Ecology, People and Science/Policy Processes in West Africa and the Caribbean, 26–7 March.
9. ↵
   2. Chrétien, J.-P.

   1978. “Les arbres et les rois, sites historiques au Burundi.” Culture et Société, Revue de Civilisation Burundaise 1: 35–43.

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    2. Chukwukere, I.

    1980. “Perspectives on the Asafo Institution in Southern Ghana.” Journal of African Studies7 (1): 38–47.
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    2. Datta, A. K.

    1972. “The Fante Asafo: A Re-examination.” Africa 42 (4): 305–15.

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    2. Datta, A. K. and
    3. R. Porter

    . 1971. “The Asafo System in Historical Perspective: An Inquiry into the Origin and Development of a Ghanaian Institution.” Journal of African History 12 (2): 279–97.

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    2. DeCorse, C. ,
    3. E. Carr ,
    4. G. Chouin ,
    5. G. Cook , and
    6. S. Spiers

    . 2000. “Central Region Project, Coastal Ghana—Perspectives 2000.” Nyame Akuma 53: 6–11.

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    2. De Marees, P.

    1987. Description and Historical Account of the Gold Kingdom of Guinea (1602). A. Van Dantzig and A. Jones , trans. and eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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    2. Fairhead, J. and
    3. M. Leach

    . 1996. Misreading the African Landscape. Society and Ecology in a Forest-savanna Mosaic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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    2. Fairhead, J. and
    3. M. Leach

    . 1998. Reframing Deforestation. Global Analyses and Local Realities: Studies in West Africa. London and New York: Routledge.
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    2. Fynn, J. K.

    1974. Oral Traditions of Fanti States. No 1: Abrem. Legon: Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana.
18. 2. Guelly, K. A. ,
    3. B. Roussel , and
    4. M. Guyot

    . “Installation d’un couvert forestier dans les jachares de savane au sud-ouest Togo.” Bois et Forêts des Tropiques 235: 37–48.
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    2. Guillot, B.

    1980. “La crétion et la destruction des bosquets Koukouya, symboles d’une civilisation et de son déclin.” Cahiers ORSTOM (Série Sciences Humaines) XVII (3–4): 177–89.

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    2. Hardin, G.

    1977. “The Tragedy of the Commons.” In G. Hardin and J. Baden , eds. Managing the Commons. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 16–30.
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    2. Hernaes, P.

    1998, “Asafo History: An Introduction.” Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana (New Series) 2: 1–5.

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    2. Henige, D.

    1977. “John Kabes of Komenda: An Early African Entrepreneur and State Builder.” Journal of African History XVIII (1): 1–19.

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    2. Heymer, K.

    1993. Tanzende Bilder. Fahnen der Fante Asafo in Ghana. Bonn: Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.
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    2. Irvine, F. R.

    1961. Woody Plants of Ghana, With Special Reference to their Use. London: Oxford University Press.
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    2. Jeekel, C. A.

    1869. Onze bezittingen op de Kust van Guinea. Amsterdam: C. F. Stemler.
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    2. Juhé-Beaulaton, D.

    1999. “Arbres et bois sacrés: lieux de mémoire de l’ancienne Côte des Esclaves.” In J. P. Chrétien and J. L. Triaud , eds. Histoire d’Afrique: Enjeux de Mémoire. Paris: Karthala, 101–18.
27. 2. Juhé-Beaulaton, D. and
    3. B. Roussel

    . 1998, “A propos de l’historicité des forêts sacrées de l’ancienne Côte des Esclaves.” In M. Chastanet , ed. Plantes et paysages d’Afrique: une histoire à explorer. Paris: Karthala, 353–82.
28. ↵
    2. Labi, K. A.

    1998. “Fights, Riots, and Disturbances with ‘Objectionable and Provocative Art’ among the Fante Asafo Companies.” Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, (New Series) 2: 101–16.

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    2. Moniot, H.

    1999. “Faire du Nora sous les Tropiques?” In Histoire dAfrique: Enjeux de Mémoire. J. P. Chrétien and J. L. Triaud , eds. Paris: Karthala, 13–26.
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    2. Ndoricimpa, L. and
    3. C. Guillet

    . 1984. L’arbre-mémoire. Traditions orales du Burundi, Paris: Karthala/C. C. B.
31. ↵
    2. Nora, P.

    1984. Les Lieux de Ménoire. vol.I. La République. Paris: Gallimard.
32. 2. Nti, K.

    1998. “The Role of Alcohol in the 1905 Conflict between the Anaafo and Ntsin Asafo Companies of Cape Coast.” Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana (New Series) 2: 49–55.

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    2. Patterson, K. D.

    1995. “Influenza Epidemic of 1918–1919 in the Gold Coast.” Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana (New Series) XVI (1): 205–225.

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    2. Perrot, C.-H.

    1982. Les Anyi-Ndenye et le pouvoir au 18ème et 19ème siècles. Paris: CEDA et Publications de la Sorbonne.
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    2. Polet, J.

    1983. “Localisation d’une nécropole du deuxième millénaire de notre ère en zone lagunaire de basse Côte d’Ivoire grâce à un indicateur végétal: Dracaena Arborea L. Rennes.” Revue d’Archéométrie 7: 1–10.

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    2. Shinnie, P.

    1988. “Excavations at Asantemanso, Ghana (1987).” Nyame Akuma 30: 11–12.

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    2. Shinnie, P. and
    3. A.

    1995. Early Asante. Calgary, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary.
38. ↵
    2. Shinnie, P. and
    3. B. Vivian

    1991. “Asante Research Project.” Nyame Akuma 36: 5–6.

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    2. Wilks, 1

    . 1989. Asante in the Nineteenth Century. The Structure and Evolution of a Political Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed.
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    2. Wilks, 1

    . 1996. One Nation, Many Histories. Ghana Past and Present. Accra, Ghana Universities Press.
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    2. Yarak, L.

    1976. “Political Consolidation and Fragmentation in a Southern Akan Polity : Wassa and the Origins of Wassas Amenfi and Fiase (1700–1840).” Unpublished paper, 1976.